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The heat rays which the Sun incessantly sends to the Earth produce twovery distinct effects there: The first is periodic and affects the outer envelopeof the planet, while the other is constant; one observes it in deep places, forexample at 30m below the surface. The temperature of these locations is subjectto hardly any change in the course of the year, it is fixed; however the deeptemperature varies substantially from one climatic zone to another: it resultsfrom the perpetual action of solar radiation and the inequal exposure of thesurface to these rays, from the equator to the poles. One can determine the timewhich had to pass in order for the solar radiation to produce the diversity ofclimates observed today. All these results are in accord with dynamical theorieswhich have led us to recognize the stability of the Earth’s axis of rotation.
The radiation from the highest layers of the atmosphere, whose temperatureis very cold and nearly constant, influences all meteorological features whichwe observe: this radiation can be rendered more easily detectible by means ofreflection from concave mirrors. The presence of clouds, which intercept theserays, tempers the cold of the nights.
The reduction of heat in elevated regions of the air does not fail to takeplace; it is thus that the temperature is augmented by the interposition of theatmosphere, because the heat has less trouble penetrating the air when it isin the form of light, than it has exiting back through the air after it has beenconverted to dark heat.
The transparency of the waters and that of the air act together to augmentthe degree of heat acquired, because incident luminous heat penetrates easilyto the interior of the mass, but the dark heat exits with more difficulty whenfollowing the contrary route.
The establishment and progress of human societies, and the action of naturalforces, can notably change the state of the ground surface over vast regions, aswell as the distribution of waters and the great movements of the air. Sucheffects have the ability to make the mean degree of heat vary over the course ofseveral centuries, for the analytic expressions contain coefficients which dependon the state of the surface, and which greatly influence the temperature.
CABO CAÑAVERAL Florida (Reuters) - Un cohete Delta 2 no tripulado despegó de California el miércoles transportando un satélite científico de la NASA para estudiar por dónde se mueve el dióxido de carbono, un gas de efecto invernadero relacionado con el cambio climático, dentro y fuera de la atmósfera terrestre, mostró una emisión televisiva de la NASA.El cohete de 39 metros de altura despegó a las 2:56 a.m. de la hora local (09:56 GMT) desde la base aérea militar de Vandenberg, a unos 240 kilómetros de Los Ángeles, y se dirigió al sur sobre el Océano Pacífico.El lanzamiento fue programado para que el Observatorio Orbital de Carbono (OCO) de la NASA se posicionara delante de un tren de satélites medioambientales en órbita que atraviesan el ecuador de la Tierra todas las tardes.El martes hubo un intento fallido de lanzamiento debido a un problema con el sistema de agua de la plataforma de lanzamiento, necesaria para mitigar las altas temperaturas y suprimir las vibraciones acústicas del despegue.Los técnicos reemplazaron una válvula estropeada permitiendo que el fabricante de cohetes United Launch Alliance, una sociedad entre Lockheed Martin y Boeing, intentara un nuevo lanzamiento.Los científicos llevan esperando desde 2009 para que el OCO alcance la órbita. El satélite original se perdió en un accidente durante su lanzamiento."OCO 2 es la primera misión de la NASA dedicada a estudiar el dióxido de carbono", dijo Betsy Edwards, una ejecutiva de la central de la NASA en Washington, a los periodistas durante una rueda de prensa pre-lanzamiento. "Esto hace que sea de vital importancia para los científicos que están intentando comprender el impacto de los humanos en el cambio climático".Cada año cerca de 40.000 millones de toneladas de carbono terminan en la atmósfera de la Tierra, una cantidad que aumenta a medida que el mundo desarrollado se moderniza, dijo el científico atmosférico Michael Gunson, del Laboratorio de Propulsión a Reacción de la NASA en Pasadena, California.Aproximadamente la mitad del carbono es reabsorbido por los bosques y océanos, un proceso que todavía no está del todo comprendido."La comprensión de los detalles de estos procesos nos dará una cierta percepción del futuro y de lo que es más probable que suceda en las próximas décadas si seguimos consumiendo más y más combustibles fósiles y emitimos más y más dióxido de carbono a la atmósfera", dijo el director de proyectos de OCO, Ralph Basilio, también del Laboratorio de Propulsión.Desde su posición privilegiada, a 705 kilómetros por encima de la Tierra, la aeronave, construida por Orbital Sciences Corp., recogerá cientos de miles de mediciones todos los días. Su trayectoria alrededor del planeta pasará por el mismo lugar a la misma hora cada 16 días, lo que permitirá a los científicos detectar patrones en los niveles del dióxido de carbono durante semanas, meses y años."Estamos intentando poner el dedo en el destino del dióxido de carbono una vez está en la atmósfera", dijo Basilio.La misión de 468 millones de dólares está diseñada para durar al menos dos años.
When one thinks of the warming climate, the phrases that pop into mind probably aren’t “nausea and vomiting,” “sharp, stabbing pain,” and “blood in your urine.” Yet these awful symptoms could become more prolific in the coming decades, as hotter weather appears to be linked with the risk of growing a kidney stone.This disheartening prognosis comes from doctors at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and elsewhere who’ve completed a seven-year-long study of 60,433 patients in several major US cities. When the temperature goes up, there’s a subsequent spike in the number of people visiting hospitals for stone issues, they write in Environmental Health Perspectives. According to lead author Gregory E. Tasian: “We found that as daily temperatures rise, there is a rapid increase in the probability of patients presenting over the next 20 days with kidney stones.”The researchers found this correlation to exist in cities with disparate climates, including Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, and Philadelphia—though it was not present in Los Angeles. They believe that a crucial predictor of kidney-stone risk is the number of “hot” days a city experiences, ones with mean daily temperatures above 81° rather than the city’s annual mean temperature. They found that Atlanta and Los Angeles both have mean annual temperatures of 63° but that stones were twice as common in Atlanta, which has more hot days.What could account for this painful parallel? For one, more sweltering temperatures may be dehydrating people, causing the kind of mineral build-up in their urine that helps kidney stones form. Stones have been known to grow in as short a period as three months; however, Tasian’s team found a much shorter link of three to 20 days between when daily temperatures peaked and patients sought medical assistance en masse for stones. They say that this quicker-than-expected association raises “questions about the rate at which kidney stones might develop in vivo.”The researchers caution that any future increase in kidney stones is likely to hit people already medically predisposed to them (for instance, those with Randall’s plaques). Though stones are responsible for about half a million visits to the emergency room each year, only 11% of the US population has developed them.There’s been a worldwide rise in kidney stones over the last three decades, especially among children. The reason for their spreading prevalence is still unknown. Some surmise it has to do with changes in diet and fluid consumption. Perhaps it also relates to the scourge of heat that’s marked the planet’s recent climate, the researchers write: <blockquote>The study’s broader context is in patterns of global warming. The authors note that other scientists have reported that overall global temperatures between 2000 and 2009 were higher than 82% of temperatures over the past 11,300 years. Furthermore, increases in greenhouse gas emissions are projected to raise earth’s average temperatures by 2 to 8 [degrees] F (1 to 4.5 C) by 2100. ‘Kidney stone prevalence has already been on the rise over the last 30 years, and we can expect this trend to continue, both in greater numbers and over a broader geographic area, as daily temperatures increase,’ concluded Tasian. ‘With some experts predicting that extreme temperatures will become the norm in 30 years, children will bear the brunt of climate change.’</blockquote>
Lo que está sucediendo es que nos están sometiendo a un proceso de *saqueo* CALCADO, a los procesos neoliberales que practicaron con latinoamérica con la excusa de la "crisis de la deuda" desde los 70, 80 y 90
But seven years after his warning, The Mail on Sunday can reveal that, far from vanishing, the Arctic ice cap has expanded for the second year in succession – with a surge, depending on how you measure it, of between 43 and 63 per cent since 2012.Scroll down for video To put it another way, an area the size of Alaska, America’s biggest state, was open water two years ago, but is again now covered by ice.The most widely used measurements of Arctic ice extent are the daily satellite readings issued by the US National Snow and Ice Data Center, which is co-funded by Nasa. These reveal that – while the long-term trend still shows a decline – last Monday, August 25, the area of the Arctic Ocean with at least 15 per cent ice cover was 5.62 million square kilometres.This was the highest level recorded on that date since 2006 (see graph, right), and represents an increase of 1.71 million square kilometres over the past two years – an impressive 43 per cent.Other figures from the Danish Meteorological Institute suggest that the growth has been even more dramatic. Using a different measure, the area with at least 30 per cent ice cover, these reveal a 63 per cent rise – from 2.7 million to 4.4 million square kilometres. More... Will there be a global famine in 2050? Crops will be overwhelmed by pests in the next 30 years, scientists warn Think California's drought is bad? Scientists issue dire warning of US megadrought that could last 35 YEARS and lead to mass population migrations Obama will sidestep Congress by signing sweeping international climate change agreement The satellite images published here are taken from a further authoritative source, the University of Illinois’s Cryosphere project.They show that as well as becoming more extensive, the ice has grown more concentrated, with the purple areas – denoting regions where the ice pack is most dense – increasing markedly.Crucially, the ice is also thicker, and therefore more resilient to future melting. Professor Andrew Shepherd, of Leeds University, an expert in climate satellite monitoring, said yesterday: ‘It is clear from the measurements we have collected that the Arctic sea ice has experienced a significant recovery in thickness over the past year.‘It seems that an unusually cool summer in 2013 allowed more ice to survive through to last winter. This means that the Arctic sea ice pack is thicker and stronger than usual, and this should be taken into account when making predictions of its future extent.’ The speech by former US Vice-President Al Gore (above) was apocalyptic. He said that the North Polar ice cap is falling off a cliff and could be gone in seven yearsYet for years, many have been claiming that the Arctic is in an ‘irrevocable death spiral’, with imminent ice-free summers bound to trigger further disasters. These include gigantic releases of methane into the atmosphere from frozen Arctic deposits, and accelerated global warming caused by the fact that heat from the sun will no longer be reflected back by the ice into space.Judith Curry, professor of earth and atmospheric sciences at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, said last night: ‘The Arctic sea ice spiral of death seems to have reversed.’Those who just a few years ago were warning of ice-free summers by 2014 included US Secretary of State John Kerry, who made the same bogus prediction in 2009, while Mr Gore has repeated it numerous times – notably in a speech to world leaders at the UN climate conference in Copenhagen in 2009, in an effort to persuade them to agree a new emissions treaty. The ice cap is falling off a cliff. It could be completely gone in summer in as little as 7 years from now Mr Gore – whose office yesterday failed to respond to a request for comment – insisted then: ‘There is a 75 per cent chance that the entire polar ice cap during some of the summer months could be completely ice-free within five to seven years.’Misleading as such forecasts are, some people continue to make them. Only last month, while giving evidence to a House of Lords Select Committee inquiry on the Arctic, Cambridge University’s Professor Peter Wadhams claimed that although the Arctic is not ice-free this year, it will be by September 2015.Asked about this yesterday, he said: ‘I still think that it is very likely that by mid-September 2015, the ice area will be less than one million square kilometres – the official designation of ice-free, implying only a fringe of floes around the coastlines. That is where the trend is taking us.’For that prediction to come true it would require by far the fastest loss of ice in history. It would also fly in the face of a report last year by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which stated with ‘medium confidence’ that ice levels would ‘likely’ fall below one million square kilometres by 2050.Politicians such as Al Gore have often insisted that climate science is ‘settled’ and have accused those who question their forecasts of being climate change ‘deniers’.However, while few scientists doubt that carbon-dioxide emissions cause global warming, and that this has caused Arctic ice to decline, there remains much uncertainty about the speed of melting and how much of it is due to human activity. But outside the scientific community, the more pessimistic views have attracted most attention. For example, Prof Wadhams’s forecasts have been cited widely by newspapers and the BBC. But many reject them.
Do Not Buy Oceanfront PropertyRecent TV series about beach living are some of the most unreal reality shows. By Sarah Zielinski beach house—and they may also be more likely to get government help to protect their investments. A group of high-end homeowners in South Carolina recently persuaded legislators to change a law that banned seawalls, which will let them rebuild their crumbling protection. And an NBC investigation revealed earlier this year that FEMA had moved the lines on flood maps to the benefit of wealthy oceanside landowners. (The FBI is investigating.)Of course, telling people about reality doesn’t ensure they will make good decisions. On Beachfront Bargain Hunt, a woman from Annapolis, Maryland, considers properties in Kitty Hawk, on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Her real estate agent tells her that one property that has no dune between the back door and the ocean is a “nonconforming home.” That means that if storm damage amounted to more than 50 percent of the house’s value, she would not be able to rebuild. “So I could spend $300,000 on a house and not be able to rebuild and have nothing? … That’s very scary.” Yes, it is.The agent also notes that the house has been there for 60 years. “It could last another 60 years,” she says. “You never know.” (What the agent doesn’t say is that the water was a lot farther away in the 1960s—the Outer Banks are eroding steadily on the ocean side.)When it came to making a final decision, “I’m willing to take the risk with it,” the buyer said. “It was everything I wanted. It was really important to have a house on the beach, toes in the sand.” For now, at least, the house still stands.I wasn’t surprised by the decision. People come to the beach on vacation, in lovely weather. They just don’t realize the extent of the bad storms, said Frank Jennings of the North Carolina Division of Coastal Management earlier this year when I was visiting the Outer Banks on a reporting trip with the Institute for Journalism and Natural Resources. A nor’easter was parked just offshore, and one night, 50-mile-per-hour winds scoured my face with sand.In the past few decades, McMansions have replaced salt-box homes that could have been easily picked up and moved away from the water, Jennings noted. In the past, people “built what you thought you could lose.” That’s not bad advice.Even with climate change, the beach will still be a great vacation destination. The sun and sand will still be there. Kids will still play in the waves and make sand castles. And nothing will stand between you and a great tan (except a healthy respect for skin cancer). But if you want to ensure you have a stress-free time—maybe you should rent.
Parece que la capa de hielo del Artico se está ampliando. ¿Oscilación o cambio de tendencia?...
Una cosa que me frustra es no haber podido encontrar el trabajo del Prof. Abdusamatov más que en ruso, porque el hombre hace una década larga afirmó que precisamente estas fechas serían las de un punto de inflexión hacia el enfriamiento. Por otra parte, lo que he visto referenciado sobre ese trabajo se centra demasiado en el forzamiento radiativo derivado de la actividad solar pero eso ya está muy medido y no acabo de entender por qué ha sido capaz de construir una hipótesis no ya alternativa sino contraria al calentamiento, sobre esas bases. Luego,aunque tampoco tengo clara la fiabilidad de las mediciones, parece que 2014 tampoco es que sea un año fresquito a nivel global, esto del verano frío es un fenómeno más bien europeo, y el casquete ártico al menos mejora sustancialmente tras muchos años apuntando a su desaparición pero serían necesarios más años de recuperaciones más intensas que la actual para romper la tendencia.
Cita de: Republik en Septiembre 08, 2014, 17:29:30 pmUna cosa que me frustra es no haber podido encontrar el trabajo del Prof. Abdusamatov más que en ruso, porque el hombre hace una década larga afirmó que precisamente estas fechas serían las de un punto de inflexión hacia el enfriamiento. Por otra parte, lo que he visto referenciado sobre ese trabajo se centra demasiado en el forzamiento radiativo derivado de la actividad solar pero eso ya está muy medido y no acabo de entender por qué ha sido capaz de construir una hipótesis no ya alternativa sino contraria al calentamiento, sobre esas bases. Luego,aunque tampoco tengo clara la fiabilidad de las mediciones, parece que 2014 tampoco es que sea un año fresquito a nivel global, esto del verano frío es un fenómeno más bien europeo, y el casquete ártico al menos mejora sustancialmente tras muchos años apuntando a su desaparición pero serían necesarios más años de recuperaciones más intensas que la actual para romper la tendencia.¿Es éste?:http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FIAU%2FIAU2004_IAUS223%2FS1743921304006775a.pdf&code=454946d6134190692cf84720c13bb8d5