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La inminente (y compleja) discusión sobre la naturaleza del trabajoUber anuncia que ha alcanzado los veinte mil conductores que utilizan la aplicación en la zona de la bahía de San Francisco (que incluye no solo la ciudad, sino también San José, San Francisco y Oakland, además de áreas urbanas y rurales más pequeñas), y se convierte de facto en uno de los mayores generadores de empleo de la región, pero mantiene que sus conductores no son empleados, sino asociados bajo la terminología “driver-partners”, que no conlleva una relación laboral y por tanto no implica obligaciones como seguros sociales, horas extras, vacaciones, etc.El auge de este tipo de plataformas basadas en tecnología y de lo que se ha dado en llamar la freelance economy está generando una importante discusión entre aquellos que la ven como un aporte de liquidez y flexibilidad a las relaciones profesionales y los que la entienden como una forma de posibilitar una renuncia a derechos y beneficios de los trabajadores que costó muchos años conseguir. Las posiciones varían de manera muy evidente cuando el tema se trata en países como los Estados Unidos frente a cuando se discute en países tradicionalmente más garantistas como los de la Unión Europea, y sin duda se polarizan más aún cuando el ejemplo mencionado corresponde a una compañía como Uber. Pero más allá de posiciones maximalistas, de argumentos del tipo “vale todo” o de calificar como neoliberales ultramontanos a quienes defienden esta progresiva – y evidente – redefinición de las relaciones profesionales, conviene tratar de acotar una discusión sin duda muy compleja y con consecuencias potencialmente muy importantes.Un 34% de los trabajadores norteamericanos son freelance, un total de cincuenta y tres millones que incluyen desde personas con trabajos regulares que llevan a cabo además esas otras tareas para complementar sus ingresos, hasta trabajadores en régimen temporal. A lo largo de la última década, ese porcentaje no ha parado de crecer. El desarrollo de tecnologías que dan lugar a potenciales disrupciones de las relaciones laborales clásicas va claramente en aumento, y ha experimentado recientemente un enorme avance con la aparición de empresas como Airbnb, Alibaba, Amazon y su “turco mecánico“, o la propia Uber. Una parte muy significativa de la llamada sharing economy , economía del compartir o consumo colaborativo se basa precisamente en los llamados “ciclos ociosos”, en el uso de recursos que solo pueden ser convertidos en valor económico cuando surgen plataformas tecnológicas que lo permiten aportando una mayor flexibilidad.Sobre el tejido económico al que da lugar, por ejemplo, el llamado Amazon Mechanical Turk, vi recientemente un cortometraje muy interesante en The NewYorker, “Turking for a living“, que incide precisamente en muchas de estas cuestiones y en lo que supone integrarse en una plataforma de puro trabajo a destajo en la que la persona lleva típicamente a cabo muchísimas pequeñas tareas repetitivas y potencialmente alienantes a cambio de pocos céntimos por unidadhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKY3scPIMd8#wsLa cuestión, por tanto, no está en discutir si esta disrupción de las relaciones laborales es lícita, adecuada o deseable, sino más bien en constatar que de manera efectiva ya está teniendo lugar, que tiene una vuelta atrás compleja o imposible porque afecta a temas que van desde la generación de empleo hasta la competitividad de los países, y que la base de personas que hacen crecer esta situación está en constante y elevado crecimiento a medida que las generaciones más jóvenes, que perciben evidentes problemas de acceso al mercado laboral y perspectivas muy duras en cuanto la evolución del desempleo juvenil, ven la posibilidad de obtener un empleo o incluso de disfrutar de un mayor nivel de flexibilidad.En realidad, la discusión tiene que ver con la legitimidad con la que se puede exigir a una parte de la población que supuestamente renuncie a unas posibilidades de generación de empleo que, a pesar de estar sensiblemente precarizado con respecto al estándar que considerábamos aceptable, es susceptible de proporcionar no solo unos ingresos a quien no los tiene, sino también unas condiciones de flexibilidad que muchos ven como una posible ventaja.Para hacer una evaluación adecuada de la discusión, por tanto, no basta con tomar la situación considerada de manera estacionaria como un balance entre empleo tradicional frente a economía freelance con empleo precarizado y sin beneficios sociales de ningún tipo, sino considerar más bien una situación dinámica en la que la evolución constante y rápida del escenario tecnológico nos lleva a situaciones de sustitución de trabajadores por máquinas y de cambios en la consideración del trabajo como elemento central de la vida y la dignidad de la persona. Una discusión, por tanto, con muchísimo más calado y consecuencias de lo que originalmente parece, en la que todo indica que el error tanto de sociólogos como de economistas ha estado precisamente en subestimar dramáticamente el potencial de la tecnología. Para bien… o para mal, según quién y desde qué óptica lo mire.
Algunas reflexiones interesantes sobre desintermediación (y eliminación de cotizaciones y derechos del trabajador), trabajo aparentemente autónomo/autoempleo pero en realidad "tutelado" ó capitalizado por estos gigantescos patrones digitales. No conocía el "Mechanical Turk" de Amazon y sus micro minijobs a destajo (en los que humanos trabajan para la máquina, ó, definidos por los propios trabajadores "esclavitud voluntaria") pero sus potenciales implicaciones me parecen desde inquietantes a brutales...
Cita de: NosTrasladamus en Mayo 12, 2015, 22:11:14 pmPor ejemplo aquí en Londres hay bastante semiesclavitud estudiantil con taskrabbit ( https://www.taskrabbit.co.uk ).Umm...eso es como Uber ¿no?.Hasta las webs se parecen. Tres botones y poca información para hacerse pocas preguntas.
Por ejemplo aquí en Londres hay bastante semiesclavitud estudiantil con taskrabbit ( https://www.taskrabbit.co.uk ).
Umm...eso es como Uber ¿no?.Hasta las webs se parecen. Tres botones y poca información para hacerse pocas preguntas.
Cita de: lectorhinfluyente1984 en Abril 27, 2015, 11:13:22 amQué "recuperación" más extraña...De hoy:http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/27/business/dealbook/burdened-with-debt-law-school-graduates-struggle-in-job-market.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=first-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-newsBurbuja leguleya. En USA hace tiempo que la producción jurídica va destinada casi solamente a satisfacer las necesidades de crecimiento cuasitumoral del sector "servicios financieros y jurídicos". Seguramente tanto en EEUU como aquí (pero mucho más allí), con solamente racionalizar todo el entramado absurdo de legislación civil con sus convenientes "loopholes" de diseño encargados por lobbies profesionales, se podría matar a 2/3 de los practicantes de la ciencia jurídica aplicada a las trampas mercantiles y fiscales, que eso vienen a ser los grandes despachos y muchas ramas de consultoría.Por eso cosas tan lógicas como unificar, hacer neutro y simplificar el IS en un entorno paneuropeo me temo que nunca se harán, no pocos "XX y asociados", "**** Menéndez", etc, viven en realidad de que se generen estructuras complejas (incluso absurdamente retorcidas) con "mapas del tesoro" pre-diseñados por ellas mismas.
Qué "recuperación" más extraña...De hoy:http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/27/business/dealbook/burdened-with-debt-law-school-graduates-struggle-in-job-market.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=first-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news
“Law students are famous for busting their buns to make high grades, sometimes at the expense of health and relationships, thinking, ‘Later I’ll be happy, because the American dream will be mine,’ ” said Lawrence S. Krieger, a law professor at Florida State University and an author of the study. “Nice, except it doesn’t work.”...Struggles with mental health have long plagued the legal profession. A landmark Johns Hopkins study in 1990 found that lawyers were 3.6 times as likely as non-lawyers to suffer from depression, putting them at greater risk than people in any other occupation. In December, Yale Law School released a study that said 70 percent of its students were affected by mental health issues.Other research has linked the legal profession to higher rates of substance abuse. In some cases, these struggles have made the news: In a recent six-month stretch in Florida, three Broward County judges were arrested on charges of driving under the influence.From 1999 to 2007, lawyers were 54 percent more likely to commit suicide than people in other professions, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. And in 2014, CNN reported that 15 Kentucky lawyers had committed suicide since 2010.
Cita de: Republik en Abril 27, 2015, 21:01:32 pmCita de: lectorhinfluyente1984 en Abril 27, 2015, 11:13:22 amQué "recuperación" más extraña...De hoy:http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/27/business/dealbook/burdened-with-debt-law-school-graduates-struggle-in-job-market.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=first-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-newsBurbuja leguleya. En USA hace tiempo que la producción jurídica va destinada casi solamente a satisfacer las necesidades de crecimiento cuasitumoral del sector "servicios financieros y jurídicos". Seguramente tanto en EEUU como aquí (pero mucho más allí), con solamente racionalizar todo el entramado absurdo de legislación civil con sus convenientes "loopholes" de diseño encargados por lobbies profesionales, se podría matar a 2/3 de los practicantes de la ciencia jurídica aplicada a las trampas mercantiles y fiscales, que eso vienen a ser los grandes despachos y muchas ramas de consultoría.Por eso cosas tan lógicas como unificar, hacer neutro y simplificar el IS en un entorno paneuropeo me temo que nunca se harán, no pocos "XX y asociados", "**** Menéndez", etc, viven en realidad de que se generen estructuras complejas (incluso absurdamente retorcidas) con "mapas del tesoro" pre-diseñados por ellas mismas.Esto me ha parecido interesante sobre los abogados USA:http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/05/12/lawyers-with-lowest-pay-report-more-happiness/?mabReward=A5Citar“Law students are famous for busting their buns to make high grades, sometimes at the expense of health and relationships, thinking, ‘Later I’ll be happy, because the American dream will be mine,’ ” said Lawrence S. Krieger, a law professor at Florida State University and an author of the study. “Nice, except it doesn’t work.”...Struggles with mental health have long plagued the legal profession. A landmark Johns Hopkins study in 1990 found that lawyers were 3.6 times as likely as non-lawyers to suffer from depression, putting them at greater risk than people in any other occupation. In December, Yale Law School released a study that said 70 percent of its students were affected by mental health issues.Other research has linked the legal profession to higher rates of substance abuse. In some cases, these struggles have made the news: In a recent six-month stretch in Florida, three Broward County judges were arrested on charges of driving under the influence.From 1999 to 2007, lawyers were 54 percent more likely to commit suicide than people in other professions, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. And in 2014, CNN reported that 15 Kentucky lawyers had committed suicide since 2010.Yo conozco algún licenciado en Derecho que acabó mal de la cabeza, pero por las oposiciones-de-nunca-acabar.
NATIONWIDE, commencement speakers are preparing remarks to deliver to this year’s crop of college graduates. I was one, and frankly I was a little worried. I wanted to inspire and uplift, but I was well aware that, more often than not, graduation addresses are met with blank stares and tepid applause.Would I encourage the young people to pursue their professional dreams, to find a fun job, to become an entrepreneur or teacher? All of that seemed like solid guidance. But when I asked a few of my 20-something colleagues, they warned me that, while this might sound great to a baby boomer at the podium, to a millennial audience it’s just product advice. It sounds more or less like the famous unsolicited counsel in the 1967 movie “The Graduate,” in which a middle-aged businessman told the young Ben Braddock (played by Dustin Hoffman): “I just want to say one word to you. Just one word. Plastics.”One clue came from looking at how life and career expectations are changing. Back in the late 1970s, human resource scholars began to notice and write about four distinct career patterns in the American economy.In the most conventional career type, which scholars call “expert” or “steady state,” a person held the same job and basic duties — often with the same company or government agency — for decades. A second career type was “linear,” in which all job changes were upwardly mobile in the same career path. Each job paid more than the last and had more responsibility, but rarely deviated from the same basic field. This linear path was the yuppie sine qua non, the mark of a serious person who climbed the ladder.The third and fourth models characterized how some younger adults back in the 1980s were seeing their professional lives. The “transitory” career featured no set job or field, and there was little apparent progress in money or responsibility. Let’s call that one “your mom’s worst nightmare.” The “spiral” model looked similar in terms of periodic job and industry changes, but differed in that these changes were purposive, following changing interests, circumstances and personal values. In other words, a spiral career served life purpose more than a product line.The spiral model was most fascinating to researchers at the time, representing as it did the new Generation X work force of uninhibited individualists. And indeed, it described me to a T. After graduating from high school, in 1982, I dropped out of college after a year, spent a decade on the road as a musician, dropped back into college, became a college professor teaching economics, and now lead a Washington think tank. I’ve spiraled all over the place for 30 years.What seemed new when I was a high school graduate is now the norm. To be sure, many young people find only transitory work available during this poor recovery. But even for those who have done well in the job market, “paying their dues” and waiting to rise through some set of professional ranks is laughable. They feel responsible for their lives, and are in search of the diverse experiences that will fulfill them. That means frequent career changes and a willingness to take pay cuts when necessary.Today’s spiraling millennials know intuitively that having a sense of one’s purpose in life is the key to well-being. And research clearly shows they are right. In a 2009 study published in The Journal of Positive Psychology, researchers interviewed 806 adolescents, emerging adults and adults about their purpose in life. A key finding of the study was that being able to articulate a life purpose was strongly associated with much greater life satisfaction than failing to do so.In contrast, purposelessness — no matter how closely tied to worldly prosperity — generally defines a hamster-wheel life, alarmingly bereft of satisfaction. “Find a fun job” sounds vaguely Sisyphean. The existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre evocatively termed the sensation of purposeless living the “nausea of existence.” This nausea is exactly the sensation engendered by typical career advice.As I prepared to give my remarks — I spoke on Saturday to graduates of Ave Maria University, a Catholic institution in southwestern Florida — I thought about the words of Bach. If anyone had the right to dispense product advice, it was Bach, the creator of more than a thousand published works and considered by many to be the greatest composer who ever lived. But when asked his approach to writing music, he said, “Music’s only purpose should be the glory of God and the recreation of the human spirit.” Bach was a true man on a mission, and the two ingredients of his mission were sanctification and service. It is hard to find a better life purpose than the pursuit of higher consciousness and benevolence to others.So here’s my advice for anyone asked to give a commencement speech: Avoid plastics; put purpose ahead of product; emphasize sanctification and service. Also, keep it under 30 minutes.
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/12/opinion/how-to-avoid-commencement-cliches.html?mabReward=A5El viaje a ninguna parte, la rueda del hámster y la cita de Bach.Citar[...]So here’s my advice for anyone asked to give a commencement speech: Avoid plastics; put purpose ahead of product; emphasize sanctification and service. Also, keep it under 30 minutes.
[...]So here’s my advice for anyone asked to give a commencement speech: Avoid plastics; put purpose ahead of product; emphasize sanctification and service. Also, keep it under 30 minutes.
The Economic Consequences of Self-Driving TrucksPosted by Soulskill on Saturday May 16, 2015 @01:48PMfrom the honk-if-you-have-free-will dept.An anonymous reader writes:CitarLast week we learned that self-driving big-rig trucks were finally being deployed on public roads in Nevada for testing purposes. Experts consider trucking to be ripe for replacement with AI because of the sheer volume of trucks on the road, and the relative simplicity of their routes. But the eventual replacement of truck drivers with autonomous driving systems will have a huge impact on the U.S. economy: there are 3.5 million professional truck drivers, and millions more are employed to support and coordinate them. Yet more people rely on truckers to stay in business — gas stations, motels, and restaurants along trucking routes, to name a few. Now, that's not to say moving forward with autonomous driving is a bad idea — in 2012, roughly 4,000 people died in accidents with large trucks, and almost all of the accidents were caused by driver error. Saving most of those lives (and countless injuries) is important. But we need to start thinking about how to handle the 10 million people looking for work when the (human) trucking industry falls off a cliff. It's likely we'll see another wave of ghost towns spread across the poor parts of the country, as happened when the interstate highway system changed how long-range transportation worked in the U.S.
Last week we learned that self-driving big-rig trucks were finally being deployed on public roads in Nevada for testing purposes. Experts consider trucking to be ripe for replacement with AI because of the sheer volume of trucks on the road, and the relative simplicity of their routes. But the eventual replacement of truck drivers with autonomous driving systems will have a huge impact on the U.S. economy: there are 3.5 million professional truck drivers, and millions more are employed to support and coordinate them. Yet more people rely on truckers to stay in business — gas stations, motels, and restaurants along trucking routes, to name a few. Now, that's not to say moving forward with autonomous driving is a bad idea — in 2012, roughly 4,000 people died in accidents with large trucks, and almost all of the accidents were caused by driver error. Saving most of those lives (and countless injuries) is important. But we need to start thinking about how to handle the 10 million people looking for work when the (human) trucking industry falls off a cliff. It's likely we'll see another wave of ghost towns spread across the poor parts of the country, as happened when the interstate highway system changed how long-range transportation worked in the U.S.
New machine could one day replace anesthesiologists...The new machine that could one day replace anesthesiologists sat quietly next to a hospital gurney occupied by Nancy Youssef-Ringle. She was nervous. In a few minutes, a machine — not a doctor — would sedate the 59-year-old for a colon cancer screening called a colonoscopy.But she had done her research. She had even asked a family friend, an anesthesiologist, what he thought of the device. He was blunt: “That’s going to replace me.”One day, maybe. For now, the Sedasys anesthesiology machine is only getting started, the leading lip of an automation wave that could transform hospitals just as technology changed automobile factories. But this machine doesn’t seek to replace only hospital shift workers. It’s targeting one of the best-paid medical specialties, making it all the more intriguing — or alarming, depending on your point of view....Youssef-Ringle called her experience “amazing.” She had gone into this with reservations. The machine seemed like just another way to cut costs, to remove the human factor. But now, after the procedure, she said she saw a potential upside, too: There was no human error, either.
Las consecuencias de los avances en conducción autónoma en el transporte de mercancías por carretera:http://tech.slashdot.org/story/15/05/16/1745251/the-economic-consequences-of-self-driving-trucksCitarThe Economic Consequences of Self-Driving TrucksPosted by Soulskill on Saturday May 16, 2015 @01:48PMfrom the honk-if-you-have-free-will dept.An anonymous reader writes:CitarLast week we learned that self-driving big-rig trucks were finally being deployed on public roads in Nevada for testing purposes. Experts consider trucking to be ripe for replacement with AI because of the sheer volume of trucks on the road, and the relative simplicity of their routes. But the eventual replacement of truck drivers with autonomous driving systems will have a huge impact on the U.S. economy: there are 3.5 million professional truck drivers, and millions more are employed to support and coordinate them. Yet more people rely on truckers to stay in business — gas stations, motels, and restaurants along trucking routes, to name a few. Now, that's not to say moving forward with autonomous driving is a bad idea — in 2012, roughly 4,000 people died in accidents with large trucks, and almost all of the accidents were caused by driver error. Saving most of those lives (and countless injuries) is important. But we need to start thinking about how to handle the 10 million people looking for work when the (human) trucking industry falls off a cliff. It's likely we'll see another wave of ghost towns spread across the poor parts of the country, as happened when the interstate highway system changed how long-range transportation worked in the U.S.Saludos.